Table of Contents
✓ ALL 20 Sections of *Chemistry Video Notes*
✓ 143 Handwritten Video Notes and Lessons
✓ 30 Hours - Watch, and Watch Again Until it Clicks!
Table of Contents
Here's what's inside the 1st Semester of *Chemistry Video Notes* - 78 video lessons!
1 - Foundations of Chemistry
🖥️ S1E1: The Scientific Method; Macroscopic vs. Microscopic World - Runtime: 14:43
1-1 -- The Macroscopic and the Microscopic World
1-1 -- The Scientific Method
- Qualitative Observations vs. Quantitative Observations
- Formulating a Hypothesis
- Testing the Hypothesis
- Theory vs. Law
🖥️ S1E2: Units of Measurement; Mass vs Weight; Uncertainty in Measurement - Runtime: 16:55
1-3 -- Units of Measurement
- SI Fundamental Units (SI Base Units)
- Derived Units
- 7 Prefixes to Know
1-5 -- Mass vs Weight
1-5 -- Uncertainty in Measurement
1-6 -- Significant Figures
🖥️ S1E3: Types of Errors in Measurement, and Accuracy vs Precision - Runtime: 9:26
1-7 -- Types of Errors in Measurement
- Random Errors (Human Errors)
- Systematic Errors (Instrumentation Errors)
1-7 -- Accuracy vs. Precision
🖥️ S1E4: Rules for Counting Significant Figures - Runtime: 10:25
1-8 -- Significant Figures
- Rules for Counting Significant Figures
- Nonzero Numbers
- Leading Zeros
- Captive Zeros (Inclusive Zeros)
- Trailing Zeros
- Exact Numbers ("Counted Numbers")
🖥️ S1E5: Sig. Figs. in Calculations; Conversion Factors, and Dimensional Analyis - Runtime: 18:49
1-10 -- Rules for Significant Figures in Mathematical Operations
- Rules for Multiplication and Division
- Rules for Addition and Subtraction
1-12 -- Conversion Factors for Mass, Length, Volume, Pressure, and Temperature
1-13 -- Unit Conversions
🖥️ S1E6: Temperature Conversions; Density of Solids, Liquids, and Gases - Runtime: 9:43
1-14 -- Temperature Conversions
1-15 -- Density
- Density of Solids
- Density of Liquids
- Density of Gases
🖥️ S1E7: Classification of Matter; Compounds and Elements; Physical and Chemical Changes - Runtime: 14:35
1-16 -- Classification of Matter
- Solids, Liquids, and Gases
- Heterogeneous Mixtures
- Homogeneous Mixtures
- Pure Substances
- Compounds and Elements
1-18 -- Physical Changes and Chemical Changes
- Physical Properties and Chemical Properties
2 - Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
🖥️ S2E1: Three Fundamental Laws of Chemistry; Dalton's Atomic Theory - Runtime: 15:13
2-1 -- Three Fundamental Chemical Laws
- The Law of Conservation of Mass
- The Law of Definite Proportions
- The Law of Multiple Proportions
2-3 -- Dalton's Atomic Theory
🖥️ S2E2: Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom - Runtime: 11:38
2-4 -- Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom
- The Electron and J.J. Thomson
- The Cathode Ray Tube
- The Plum Pudding Model
- Robert Millikan and the Mass of the Electron
- Ernest Rutherford
🖥️ S2E3: Modern Atomic Structure: Isotopes; Molecules and Ions; Covalent vs. Ionic Bonds - Runtime: 15:34
2-6 -- Brief Introduction to Modern Atomic Structure
- Electrons, Protons, and Neutrons
2-6 -- Isotopes
- Nuclear Symbol Notation
- Hyphen Notation
- Mass Number (A) and Atomic Number (Z)
2-8 -- Molecules and Ions
- Covalent Bonds and Molecules
- Ionic Bonds, Cations, Anions, and Ionic Compounds
🖥️ S2E4: An Introduction to the Periodic Table - Runtime: 11:31
2-9 -- Introduction to the Periodic Table
- Atomic Number and Atomic Mass
- Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
- Group 1 -- The Alkali Metals
- Group 2 -- The Alkaline-earth Metals
- Groups 3-12 -- The Transition Metals
- Group 17 -- The Halogens
- Group 18 -- The Noble Gases
🖥️ S2E5: Naming Compounds; How to Name Binary Ionic Compounds - Runtime: 17:15
2-11 -- Naming Compounds
- Ionic Compounds
- Molecular Compounds (Covalent Compounds)
2-12 -- Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
- Cations with Multiple Charges
- Some Common Anions
🖥️ S2E6: Naming Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions; Naming Covalent Compounds - Runtime: 16:14
2-15 -- Naming Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions
- List of Polyatomic Ions to Know
2-16 -- Naming Binary Covalent Compounds
- Rules for Naming
- Prefixes (mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca)
🖥️ S2E7: Getting Formulas from Compound Names; Naming Binary Acids and Oxyacids - Runtime: 17:58
2-18 -- Naming Acids
- Binary Acids
- Oxyacids
3 - Chemical Quantities and Stochiometry .................................................
🖥️ S3E1: Atomic Mass, Avogadro's Number, and the Mole - Runtime: 14:04
3-1 -- Atomic Masses
- The Carbon-12 Standard
- Weighted Average
3-2 -- The Mole
- Avogadro's Number, 6.022 x 10^23
🖥️ S3E2: Molar Mass, and How to Calculate Mass Percent (Percent Composition) - Runtime: 9:44
3-2 -- The Mole
- Molar Mass (Molecular Weight, Formula Mass)
3-4 -- Determining Mass Percent (Percent Composition)
🖥️ S3E3: How to Determine Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula - Runtime: 11:43
3-5 -- Determining Empirical Formula
- Determining Molecular Formula
🖥️ S3E4: How to Balance Chemical Reactions and Equations - Runtime: 16:44
3-7 -- Chemical Equations ("Chemical Reactions")
- Reactants and Products
- Balancing Chemical Equations (Balancing Chemical Reactions)
- Word Equations and Formula Equations
🖥️ S3E5: Reaction Stoichiometry Calculations: Mole-to-Mass, Mass-to-Mass, etc. - Runtime: 12:30
3-10 -- Reaction Stoichiometry
- The Coefficients of a Reaction
- Mole to Mole Calculations
- Mole to Mass Calculations
- Mass to Mole Calculations
- Mass to Mass Calculations
- Stoichiometric Quantities
🖥️ S3E6: Limiting Reactants and Limiting Reactant Practice Problems - Runtime: 14:53
3-12 -- Limiting Reactant Calculations
- Stoichiometric Quantities
- Limiting Reactants
- Excess Reactants
🖥️ S3E7: More Limiting Reactant Practice, and Percent Yield - Runtime: 17:05
3-12 -- Limiting Reactant Calculations
- One More Limiting Reactant Practice Problem
3-15 -- Calculating Percent Yield
- Actual Yield, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield
3 - Chemical Quantities and Stochiometry
🖥️ S3E1: Atomic Mass, Avogadro's Number, and the Mole - Runtime: 14:04
3-1 -- Atomic Masses
- The Carbon-12 Standard
- Weighted Average
3-2 -- The Mole
- Avogadro's Number, 6.022 x 10^23
🖥️ S3E2: Molar Mass, and How to Calculate Mass Percent (Percent Composition) - Runtime: 9:44
3-2 -- The Mole
- Molar Mass (Molecular Weight, Formula Mass)
3-4 -- Determining Mass Percent (Percent Composition)
🖥️ S3E3: How to Determine Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula - Runtime: 11:43
3-5 -- Determining Empirical Formula
- Determining Molecular Formula
🖥️ S3E4: How to Balance Chemical Reactions and Equations - Runtime: 16:44
3-7 -- Chemical Equations ("Chemical Reactions")
- Reactants and Products
- Balancing Chemical Equations (Balancing Chemical Reactions)
- Word Equations and Formula Equations
🖥️ S3E5: Reaction Stoichiometry Calculations: Mole-to-Mass, Mass-to-Mass, etc. - Runtime: 12:30
3-10 -- Reaction Stoichiometry
- The Coefficients of a Reaction
- Mole to Mole Calculations
- Mole to Mass Calculations
- Mass to Mole Calculations
- Mass to Mass Calculations
- Stoichiometric Quantities
🖥️ S3E6: Limiting Reactants and Limiting Reactant Practice Problems - Runtime: 14:53
3-12 -- Limiting Reactant Calculations
- Stoichiometric Quantities
- Limiting Reactants
- Excess Reactants
🖥️ S3E7: More Limiting Reactant Practice, and Percent Yield - Runtime: 17:05
3-12 -- Limiting Reactant Calculations
- One More Limiting Reactant Practice Problem
3-15 -- Calculating Percent Yield
- Actual Yield, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield
4 - Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry
🖥️ S4E1: Water as a Solvent; Solutes, Solvents, & Solutions; Aqueous Solutions - Runtime: 10:36
4-1 -- Water as a Solvent
- Aqueous Solutions
- Water: a Polar Molecule
- Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions
4-2 -- Hydration (Solvation)
- Polar Substances
- Nonpolar Substances
4-3 -- Electrolytes
- Strong Electrolytes, Weak Electrolytes, and Nonelectrolytes
🖥️ S4E2: Strong and Weak Electrolytes, Nonelectrolytes, and How to Calculate Molarity (Concentration) - Runtime: 12:18
4-3 -- Electrolytes
- Strong Electrolytes, Weak Electrolytes, and Nonelectrolytes
4-5 -- Concentrations of Solutions
- Molarity (M)
🖥️ S4E3: How to Find Molarity; Calculating Molarity (Concentration), and Understanding Dilutions - Runtime: 14:16
4-5 -- Concentrations of Solutions
- Molarity (M)
4-7 -- Dilutions
- Dilute vs. Concentrated
- M1V1 = M2V2
🖥️ S4E4: Precipitation Reactions and Net Ionic Equations. Double-Replacement Reactions - Runtime: 16:48
4-8 -- Types of Chemical Reactions
4-8 -- Precipitation Reactions (Double Displacement Reactions)
- Formation of a Precipitate
- Solubility Rules
- Molecular Equations
- Complete Ionic Equations and Spectator Ions
- Net Ionic Equations
🖥️ S4E5: Stoichiometry of Precipitation Reactions (Double Replacement Reactions) - Runtime: 7:50
4-11 -- Stoichiometry of Precipitation Reactions (Double Replacement Reactions)
🖥️ S4E6: Acid-Base Reactions, and Stoichiometry of Strong Acid - Strong Base Reactions - Runtime: 22:01
4-12 -- Acid-Base Reactions
- Strong Acid + Strong Base
- Weak Acid + Strong Base
🖥️ S4E7: Acid-Base Titration Calculations and Volumetric Analysis. Stoichiometric Point and Endpoint - Runtime 11:55
4-16 -- Volumetric Analysis
- Acid-Base Titrations
- Titrations, Titrants, Analytes, Burets, and Indicators
- Stoichiometric Point (Equivalence Point) vs. Endpoint
🖥️ S4E8: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Redox), Oxidation Numbers, and Oxidizing / Reducing Agents - Runtime: 15:24
4-19 -- Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Redox Reactions)
- Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers (Oxidation States)
- The Oxidizing Agent and the Reducing Agent
- "OIL RIG"
🖥️ S4E9: How to Balance Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Redox Reactions): The Half-Reaction Method - Runtime: 19:20
4-23 -- Balancing Redox Reactions
- The Half-Reaction Method
- Writing Half-Reactions
- Balancing Half-Reactions in Acidic Solution
- Balancing Half-Reactions in Basic Solution
5 - Gases
🖥️ S5E1: Gases, Atmospheric Pressure, and Pressure Unit Conversions - Runtime: 10:30
5-1 -- Atmospheric Pressure
- The Barometer
- Two Factors Affecting Barometric Pressure
5-2 -- Units of Pressure
- mm Hg, torr, atm, Pa, psi
🖥️ S5E2: The 3 Gas Laws (Boyle's, Charles', Avogadro's), Combined Gas Law, and Ideal Gas Law - Runtime: 14:55
5-2 -- Boyle's Law
5-3 -- Charles' Law
5-4 -- Avogadro's Law
5-5 -- The Combined Gas Law and the Ideal Gas Law
- Units of the Universal Gas Constant (R)
🖥️ S5E3: "Ideal Gas Law" and "Combined Gas Law" Practice Problems, Set-Ups, and Calculations - Runtime: 12:34
5-5 -- The Combined Gas Law and the Ideal Gas Law
- 3 Gas Laws (Boyle, Charles, Avogadro) Practice Problems
- Combined Gas Law Practice Problems
- Ideal Gas Law Practice Problems
🖥️ S5E4: Gas Stoichiometry, and STP Conditions in Chemistry - Runtime: 11:33
5-8 -- Gas Stoichiometry
- Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)
- Molar Volume of a Gas at STP (22.4 L)
5-10 -- Rearranging the Ideal Gas Law
- Molar Mass of a Gas
- Density of a Gas
🖥️ S5E5: Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure and Mole Fraction Problems - Runtime: 15:26
5-10 -- Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
5-12 -- Mole Fractions
🖥️ S5E6: Kinetic Molecular Theory, the Meaning of Temperature, and Root Mean Square Velocity - Runtime: 9:54
5-14 -- The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter (KMT)
- Four Postulates of KMT
5-15 -- The Meaning of Temperature
- The Relationship between Temperature and Kinetic Energy
5-15 -- Root Mean Square Velocity
🖥️ S5E7: Diffusion and Effusion of Gases; Comparing Diffusion and Effusion Rates of Gases - Runtime: 13:32
5-16 -- Diffusion and Effusion of Gases
- Diffusion Rates
- Effusion
- Graham's Law of Effusion
5-18 -- Real Gases
- What Does It Mean to "Behave Ideally"?
- The Van der Waals Equation
- Corrected Pressure and Corrected Volume for Real Gases
6 - Thermochemistry
🖥️ S6E1: Thermochemistry and the Nature of Energy. Potential vs Kinetic Energy, & the Transfer of Heat - Runtime: 11:16
6-1 -- The Nature of Energy
6-1 -- Types of Energy
- Potential Energy
- Kinetic Energy
6-1 -- The Difference Between Temperature and Heat (q)
6-2 -- The Transfer of Heat
- System vs. Surroundings
- Exothermic Reactions and Endothermic Reactions
🖥️ S6E2: Internal Energy of a System, Heat, Work, and Expansion / Compression - Runtime: 16:11
6-3 -- The Internal Energy of a System
- (delta)E = q + w
- Work, External Pressure, and Volume
🖥️ S6E3: Calorimetry and Specific Heat Capacity - Runtime: 14:06
6-7 -- Calorimetry
- Heat Energy (q)
- Heat Capacity vs. Specific Heat Capacity
- Heat Gained vs. Heat Lost
6-9 -- Molar Heat Capacity
🖥️ S6E4: Calorimetry Problems and Finding the Final Temperature in the Coffee-Cup Calorimeter - Runtime: 13:20
6-10 -- The Coffee-Cup Calorimeter
6-11 -- The Change in Enthalpy
- "Enthalpy Change" = "Heat of Reaction"
🖥️ S6E5: Hess' Law Practice Problems, and Enthalpy Change (Heat of Reaction) - Runtime: 14:06
6-11 -- The Change in Enthalpy
- "Enthalpy Change" = "Heat of Reaction"
- Exothermic Reactions
- Endothermic Reactions
6-13 -- State Functions
6-13 -- Hess' Law
🖥️ S6E6: How to Find the Heat of Reaction Using Standard Enthalpies of Formation - Runtime: 11:19
6-15 -- Standard Enthalpies of Formation
7 - Quantum Mechanical View of the Atom, and Periodicity
🖥️ S7E1: Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) and the Electromagnetic Spectrum - Runtime: 12:18
7-1 -- Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR)
- The Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Visible Light ("VY BO GR")
- Complimentary Colors
- Wavelength of Light and Frequency of Light
🖥️ S7E2: The Wave-Particle Duality of Light and Matter; Energy, Frequency, and Wavelength Problems - Runtime: 16:12
7-3 -- The Nature of Matter
- Max Planck and Planck's Constant (h)
- Albert Einstein and the Photon
- The Wave-Particle Duality of Light
- The de Broglie Equation
- Photoelectric Effect
🖥️ S7E3: Line Emission Spectrum for Hydrogen, and the Bohr Model of the Atom - Runtime: 13:18
7-6 -- The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen
- Bohr Model of the Atom
- Line Emission Spectra and the Line Emission Spectrum for Hydrogen
- Quantized Energy-Levels
- The Rydberg Equation
🖥️ S7E4: The Four Quantum Numbers, and Atomic Orbitals - Runtime: 14:23
7-9 -- Quantum Numbers
- The Principal Quantum Number (n)
- Atomic Orbitals
- The Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l)
- The Magnetic Quantum Number
- The Electron Spin Quantum Number
🖥️ S7E5: Quantum Numbers Practice, the Diagonal Rule, and Writing Complete Electron Configurations - Runtime: 15:07
7-11 -- Quantum Numbers Practice Problems
7-12 -- Polyelectronic Atoms
- Degenerate Orbitals
- Electron Configurations
- The "Diagonal Rule" and Writing Electron Configurations
🖥️ S7E6: Exceptions to the Diagonal Rule, Orbital Diagrams, and Noble Gas Configuration - Runtime: 12:43
7-12 -- Polyelectronic Atoms
- Hund's Rule
- Orbital Notation (Orbital Diagrams)
7-16 -- Core Electrons vs. Valence Electrons
- Noble-Gas Notation (Noble Gas Configuration)
- Valence Electron Configuration
🖥️ S7E7: Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties: Atomic Size, Ionization Energy, and Electron Affinity - Runtime: 11:54
7-17 -- Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties
- Atomic Size (Atomic Radius)
- Ionization Energy
- Electron Affinity
8 - Chemical Bonding ......................................................................................
🖥️ S8E1: An Introduction to Chemical Bonding - Runtime: 10:35
8-1 -- Types of Chemical Bonds
- Ionic Bonds vs. Covalent Bonds
- Bond Energy
- Coulomb's Law
- Bond Length
- The Potential Energy Diagram for Hydrogen (H2)
🖥️ S8E2: Electronegativity, Dipole Moments, and Bond Polarity - Runtime: 13:34
8-2 -- Electronegativity Trends
- Bond Polarity
- Dipole Moment
8-4 -- Overall Polarity and Dipole Moments
🖥️ S8E3: Ion Electron Configurations, and Relative Ion Sizes - Runtime: 10:11
8-6 -- Ions: Electron Configurations and Relative Sizes
🖥️ S8E4: Bond Energies (Bond Dissociation Energies) and the Enthalpy of Reaction - Runtime: 18:16
8-8 -- Formation of Binary Ionic Compounds
- Ionic Bonds
- Lattice Energy
8-9 -- Energies Contained in Various Covalent Bonds
- Bond Dissociation Energies (BDE)
- Bond Energies of Multiple Bonds
8-10 -- Calculating the Enthalpy Change from Bond Energies
- Calculating the Enthalpy Change from Standard Enthalpies of Formation
🖥️ S8E5: Electron Dot Notation and The Octet Rule - Runtime: 7:28
8-12 -- Electron Dot Notation
- The Octet Rule
- Non-Bonding Electrons (Lone Pairs of Electrons)
🖥️ S8E6: Rules for Drawing Lewis Structures. An Easy Way to Practice and Draw Lewis Structures - Runtime: 17:50
8-13 -- Lewis Structures
- Exceptions to the Octet Rule
- Expanded Octets
8-14 -- Rules for Drawing Lewis Structures
- Drawing Lewis Structures of Molecules
🖥️ S8E7: How to Draw Lewis Structures - Runtime: 17:43
8-13 -- Lewis Structures
- Exceptions to the Octet Rule
- Expanded Octets
8-14 -- Rules for Drawing Lewis Structures
- Drawing Lewis Structures of Molecules
- Lewis Structures of Compounds with Double Bonds
- Lewis Structures of Compounds with Triple Bonds
🖥️ S8E8: How to Draw Resonance Structures and Assign Formal Charges - Runtime: 16:07
8-21 -- Drawing Lewis Structures of Ions
8-22 -- Resonance Structures
- Nonequivalent Resonance Structures
- Formal Charges
🖥️ S8E9: Lewis Structures and VSEPR Theory - Part 1 - Runtime: 12:48
8-24 -- Molecular Structure and Molecular Geometry
- VSEPR Theory (Valence Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion)
- Linear Geometry
- Trigonal Planar Geometry
- Tetrahedral Geometry
- Trigonal Pyramidal Geometry
- Bent Geometry
🖥️ S8E10: Lewis Structures and VSEPR Theory - Part 2 - Runtime: 10:10
8-24 -- Molecular Structure and Molecular Geometry (continued...)
- VSEPR Theory (Valence Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion)
- Trigonal Bipyramidal Geometry
- Octahedral Geometry
- Square Planar Geometry
- VSEPR Theory Practice Problems
8 - Chemical Bonding
🖥️ S8E1: An Introduction to Chemical Bonding - Runtime: 10:35
8-1 -- Types of Chemical Bonds
- Ionic Bonds vs. Covalent Bonds
- Bond Energy
- Coulomb's Law
- Bond Length
- The Potential Energy Diagram for Hydrogen (H2)
🖥️ S8E2: Electronegativity, Dipole Moments, and Bond Polarity - Runtime: 13:34
8-2 -- Electronegativity Trends
- Bond Polarity
- Dipole Moment
8-4 -- Overall Polarity and Dipole Moments
🖥️ S8E3: Ion Electron Configurations, and Relative Ion Sizes - Runtime: 10:11
8-6 -- Ions: Electron Configurations and Relative Sizes
🖥️ S8E4: Bond Energies (Bond Dissociation Energies) and the Enthalpy of Reaction - Runtime: 18:16
8-8 -- Formation of Binary Ionic Compounds
- Ionic Bonds
- Lattice Energy
8-9 -- Energies Contained in Various Covalent Bonds
- Bond Dissociation Energies (BDE)
- Bond Energies of Multiple Bonds
8-10 -- Calculating the Enthalpy Change from Bond Energies
- Calculating the Enthalpy Change from Standard Enthalpies of Formation
🖥️ S8E5: Electron Dot Notation and The Octet Rule - Runtime: 7:28
8-12 -- Electron Dot Notation
- The Octet Rule
- Non-Bonding Electrons (Lone Pairs of Electrons)
🖥️ S8E6: Rules for Drawing Lewis Structures. An Easy Way to Practice and Draw Lewis Structures - Runtime: 17:50
8-13 -- Lewis Structures
- Exceptions to the Octet Rule
- Expanded Octets
8-14 -- Rules for Drawing Lewis Structures
- Drawing Lewis Structures of Molecules
🖥️ S8E7: How to Draw Lewis Structures - Runtime: 17:43
8-13 -- Lewis Structures
- Exceptions to the Octet Rule
- Expanded Octets
8-14 -- Rules for Drawing Lewis Structures
- Drawing Lewis Structures of Molecules
- Lewis Structures of Compounds with Double Bonds
- Lewis Structures of Compounds with Triple Bonds
🖥️ S8E8: How to Draw Resonance Structures and Assign Formal Charges - Runtime: 16:07
8-21 -- Drawing Lewis Structures of Ions
8-22 -- Resonance Structures
- Nonequivalent Resonance Structures
- Formal Charges
🖥️ S8E9: Lewis Structures and VSEPR Theory - Part 1 - Runtime: 12:48
8-24 -- Molecular Structure and Molecular Geometry
- VSEPR Theory (Valence Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion)
- Linear Geometry
- Trigonal Planar Geometry
- Tetrahedral Geometry
- Trigonal Pyramidal Geometry
- Bent Geometry
🖥️ S8E10: Lewis Structures and VSEPR Theory - Part 2 - Runtime: 10:10
8-24 -- Molecular Structure and Molecular Geometry (continued...)
- VSEPR Theory (Valence Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion)
- Trigonal Bipyramidal Geometry
- Octahedral Geometry
- Square Planar Geometry
- VSEPR Theory Practice Problems
9 - Covalent Bonding and Molecular Orbitals
🖥️ S9E1: The Localized Electron Model and Hybrid Orbitals - Part 1 - Runtime: 10:55
9-1 -- Hybridization
- Hybrid Orbitals
- Types of Hybridization
- The Localized Electron Model
9-2 -- sp3 Hybridization
- Effective Pairs
🖥️ S9E2: The Localized Electron Model and Hybrid Orbitals - Part 2 - Runtime: 15:34
9-3 -- sp2 Hybridization
- Sigma Bonds
- Pi Bonds
9-4 -- sp Hybridization
9-5 -- dsp3 Hybridization
9-6 -- d2sp3 Hybridization
🖥️ S9E3: Localized Electron Model Practice Problems - Runtime: 12:51
9-6 -- How to "Completely Describe the Bonding" in Molecules
- Example: NH3
- Example: N2
9-7 -- How to Determine the Hybrization of Each Atom
🖥️ S9E4: Molecular Orbital Energy Diagrams - Runtime: 12:32
9-9 -- The Molecular Orbital Model
- Types of Molecular Orbitals
- Bonding Molecular Orbitals (MO's)
- Antibonding Molecular Orbitals (MO's)
- Molecular Orbital Energy Diagrams
🖥️ S9E5: Bonding in Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules - Runtime: 16:05
9-10 -- Bond Order - Bond Strength
- Non-Bonding Electrons (Lone Pairs of Electrons)
9-12 -- Bonding in Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules
- Paramagnetic vs. Diamagnetic
- P-S Mixing in Diatomic Molecules
- Molecular Electron Configurations
🖥️ S9E6: Bonding in Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules and Ions - Runtime: 7:31
9-15 -- Bonding in Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules and Ions
- P-S Mixing Always Observed
10 - Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces
🖥️ S10E1: Three States of Matter and Intermolecular Forces - Runtime: 7:41
10-1 -- Three States of Matter: Gases, Liquids, and Solids
10-1 -- Intermolecular Forces (IMF's)
- Dipole-Dipole Forces
- London Dispersion Forces (LDF) or "van der Waals" Forces
🖥️ S10E2: Types of Intermolecular Forces - Runtime: 16:42
10-1 -- Intermolecular Forces (IMF's)
- Dipole-Dipole Forces
- London Dispersion Forces (LDF) or "van der Waals" Forces
10-3 -- Hydrogen Bonding
10-4 -- London Dispersion Forces - a Closer Look
- Instantaneous Dipoles
- Induced Dipoles
🖥️ S10E3: The Liquid State - Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity - Runtime: 10:25
10-5 -- The Liquid State
- Surface Tension
- Capillary Action
- Cohesive Forces and Adhesive Forces
- Viscosity
10-6 -- Amorphous Solids
🖥️ S10E4: Types of Unit Cells, and Crystalline Solids - Runtime: 17:36
10-6 -- Crystalline Solids
- Lattice Framework of Solids
- Simple Cubic Unit Cells
- Body-Centered Cubic Unit Cells (bcc)
- Face-Centered Cubic Unit Cells (fcc)
- Hexagonal Closest Packing Arrangements
- Cubic Closest Packing Arrangements
🖥️ S10E5: Types of Crystalline Solids, Alloys, and Semiconductors - Runtime: 12:14
10-9 -- Types of Crystalline Solids
- Ionic Solids and Molecular Solids
- Atomic Solids, Network Solids, and Metallic Solids
10-10 -- The Electron Sea Model for Metallic Bonding
10-11 -- Metal Alloys
- Substitutional Alloys
- Interstitial Alloys
🖥️ S10E6: Semiconductors; The Vapor Pressure of a Liquid - Runtime: 22:01
10-11 -- Semiconductors
- n-type Semiconductors
- p-type Semiconductors
10-13 -- The Vapor Pressure of Liquids
- Heat of Vaporization (Enthalpy of Vaporization)
- Dynamic Equilibrium
- Equilibrium Vapor Pressure
- The Vapor Pressure of a Liquid
- Volatile Liquids
10-15 -- Mathematical Relationship between Vapor Pressure and Temperature
🖥️ S10E7: Changes of State, Heating Curves, and Phase Diagrams - Runtime: 15:54
10-16 -- Changes of State
10-16 -- The Heating Curve for Water
- The Molar Heat of Fusion (Enthalpy of Fusion)
- The Molar Heat of Vaporization (Enthalpy of Vaporization)
- Normal Melting Points and Normal Boiling Points
10-18 -- Phase Diagrams
11 - Solutions and Their Properties
🖥️ S11E1: Molarity, Molality, Mass Percent, and Mole Fraction - Runtime: 9:21
11-1 -- Homogeneous Mixtures (Solutions)
11-1 -- Solution Composition
- Dilute vs. Concentrated
- Molarity (M)
- Molality (m)
- Mass Percent
- Mole Fraction
- Normality (N)
🖥️ S11E2: Three Factors Affecting the Solubility of a Solution - Runtime: 9:52
11-3 -- Three Factors Affecting the Solubility of a Solution
- Structure Effects
- Pressure Effects
- Henry's Law
- Temperature Effects
- Solid Solutes, Liquid Solutes, and Gas Solutes
🖥️ S11E3: The Vapor Pressure of Solutions - Runtime: 14:37
11-4 -- The Vapor Pressure of Solutions
- Nonvolatile Solutes
- Raoult's Law
🖥️ S11E4: Colligative Properties - Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression - Runtime: 14:42
11-7 -- Colligative Properties
11-7 -- Boiling Point Elevation
11-9 -- Freezing Point Depression
🖥️ S11E5: Osmotic Pressure - Runtime: 17:25
11-10 -- Osmotic Pressure
- Relationship Between Osmotic Pressure (pi) and Molarity (M)
- van't Hoff Factor
- Isotonic Solutions
11-13 -- Ion Pairing
Here's what's inside the 2nd Semester of *Chemistry Video Notes* - 65 video lessons!
12 - Chemical Kinetics
🖥️ S12E1: Introduction to Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Rates - Runtime: 18:29
12-1 -- Introduction to Kinetics
12-2 -- Reaction Rates
- Instantaneous Reaction Rates
- Average Reaction Rates
🖥️ S12E2: Rate Laws - the Differential Rate Law and the Integrated Rate Law - Runtime: 12:49
12-4 -- Rate Laws
12-5 -- Types of Rate Laws
- The Differential Rate Law
- The Integrated Rate Law
🖥️ S12E3: How to Determine the Form of the Rate Law - The Method of Initial Rates - Runtime: 13:28
12-6 -- Determining the Form of the Rate Law
- The Method of Initial Rates
12-9 -- Determining a Differential Rate Law
🖥️ S12E4: The First-Order Integrated Rate Law - Runtime: 16:16
12-10 -- The Integrated Rate Law
12-10 -- The First-Order Integrated Rate Law
- The Half-Life of a First-Order Reaction
🖥️ S12E5: Second-Order Integrated Rate Laws, and Zero-Order Integrated Rate Laws - Runtime: 13:01
12-13 -- The Second-Order Integrated Rate Law
- The Half-Life of a Second-Order Reaction
12-16 -- The Zero-Order Integrated Rate Law
- The Half-Life of a Zero-Order Reaction
🖥️ S12E6: Reaction Mechanisms in Kinetics: Elementary Steps and Molecularity - Runtime: 11:43
12-16 -- Reaction Mechanisms
- Mechanisms
- Reaction Intermediates
- Elementary Steps and Molecularity
- Unimolecular Reactions, Bimolecular Reactions, and Termolecular Reactions
- The Rate-Determining Step
🖥️ S12E7: The Collision Model for Chemical Kinetics - Runtime: 16:12
12-19 -- The Collision Model for Chemical Kinetics
- Collision Frequency
- Activation Energy
- Molecular Orientations of Colliding Reactants
12-21 -- The Arrhenius Equation
🖥️ S12E8: Catalysis; Pseudo First-Order Rate Laws - Runtime: 9:24
12-22 -- Catalysis
- Catalyzed Pathways vs. Uncatalyzed Pathways
12-23 -- Integrated Rate Laws for Reactions with More than One Reactant
- Pseudo First-Order Rate Laws
13 - Chemical Equilibrium
🖥️ S13E1: What is Chemical Equilibrium? The Equilibrium Condition - Runtime: 9:08
13-1 -- The Equilibrium Condition
- Dynamic Equilibrium
🖥️ S13E2: The Equilibrium Expression and the Equilibrium Constant, K - Runtime: 13:43
13-1 -- The Equilibrium Condition
- The Equilibrium Expression
- The Equilibrium Constant (K)
- Equilibrium Positions
13-4 -- Equilibria Involving Gases
🖥️ S13E3: Heterogeneous Equilibria - Runtime: 6:12
13-5 -- Heterogeneous Equilibria
🖥️ S13E4: Applications of the Equilibrium Constant, K - Runtime: 12:46
13-6 -- Applications of the Equilibrium Constant, K
- The Extent of a Reaction
- The Size of the Equilibrium Constant
- The Reaction Quotient, Q
- Q vs. K
🖥️ S13E5: How to Calculate Equilibrium Pressures; and the ICE Method - Runtime: 18:45
13-9 -- Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations
- The ICE Method ("Initial, Change, Equilibrium")
🖥️ S13E6: How to Calculate Equilibrium Pressures; Avoiding Quadratic Formula in Equilibrium Problems - Runtime: 12:42
13-13 -- Calculating Equilibrium Pressures
13-14 -- Systems with Small Equilibrium Constants
- Making Approximations for Equilibrium Concentrations
🖥️ S13E7: Le Chatelier's Principle and the Effect of a Change in Concentration on Equilibrium - Runtime: 9:56
13-15 -- Factors Controlling the Position of Equilibrium
- Le Chatelier's Principle
13-16 -- The Effect of a Change in Concentration on Equilibrium
🖥️ S13E8: The Effects of a Change in Pressure and/or Temperature on Equilibrium - Runtime: 13:53
13-17 -- The Effect of a Change in Pressure on Equilibrium
- Addition / Removal of Gaseous Reactants and Products
- Addition of an Inert Gas
- Changing the Volume of the Reaction Container
13-19 -- The Effect of a Change in Temperature on Equilibrium
- Le Chatelier's Principle
- Endothermic Conditions vs. Exothermic Conditions
14 - Acids and Bases
🖥️ S14E1: Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases, and Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs - Runtime: 12:42
14-1 -- Acid-Base Chemistry
- Arrhenius Acids and Bases
- Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
- Proton (H+) Donors and Proton (H+) Acceptors
- Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
- The Acid-Dissociation Constant (Ka)
🖥️ S14E2: Acid Strength, Strong Acids vs. Weak Acids, and Simple Dissociation Reactions - Runtime: 9:37
14-3 -- Simple Acid Dissociation Reactions
14-4 -- Acid Strength
- Table of Ka Values for Some Common Acids
- List of Strong Acids to Know
🖥️ S14E3: Water as an Amphoteric Substance; the pH Scale and How to Calculate pH - Runtime: 13:56
14-5 -- Amphoteric Substances
- Auto-Ionization of Water
- The Dissociation Constant for Water, Kw ("Ion Product for Water")
14-6 -- The pH Scale
- The Relationship between pH and [H+]
- A Shortcut to Calculating pH Values
- The pOH Scale and [OH-]
- pKw
🖥️ S14E4: How to Calculate the pH of Strong Acid Solutions and Weak Acid Solutions - Runtime: 12:35
14-8 -- Calculating the pH of Strong Acid Solutions
14-9 -- Calculating the pH of Weak Acid Solutions
- Solving for pH Using the ICE Method
- Weak Acid Equilibrium Expressions
🖥️ S14E5: Percent Dissociation, and How to Calculate Ka from Percent Dissociation - Runtime: 12:57
14-11 -- Solutions Containing Two Weak Acids
14-12 -- Percent Dissociation ("Percent Ionization")
- Calculating Ka from Percent Dissociation
🖥️ S14E6: How to Calculate the pH of Strong Base Solutions and Weak Base Solutions - Runtime: 16:12
14-14 -- Calculating the pH of Strong Base Solutions
- Group I Hydroxides
- Group II Hydroxides, and Antacids
14-15 -- Calculating the pH of Weak Base Solutions
- Kb and Base Equilibrium Expressions
🖥️ S14E7: Polyprotic Acids and pH Calculations - Runtime: 13:37
14-17 -- Polyprotic Acids
- Diprotic Acids and Triprotic Acids
- Stepwise Dissociation Reactions
🖥️ S14E8: Acid-Base Properties of Salts; Salts that Produce Neutral and Basic Solutions - Runtime: 13:49
14-19 -- Acid-Base Properties of Salts
- Salts that Produce Neutral Solutions
- Salts that Produce Basic Solutions
🖥️ S14E9: Salts that Produce Acidic Solutions - Runtime: 7:05
14-19 -- Acid-Base Properties of Salts (cont...)
- Salts that Produce Acidic Solutions
15 - Applications of Acid-Base Equilibria
🖥️ S15E1: An Introduction to Buffer Solutions, and the "Common Ion Effect" - Runtime: 14:15
15-1 -- Solutions of Acids or Bases Containing a Common Ion
- Common Ions and the "Common Ion Effect"
15-2 -- Buffered Solutions (Buffer Solutions)
- Approaching Buffer Problems and Questions
- Major Species and the ICE Method
🖥️ S15E2: How do Buffer Solutions Resist a Change in pH? - Runtime: 14:33
15-2 -- Buffered Solutions (Buffer Solutions) - (continued)
- Buffer Solution Practice Problems
15-5 -- How to Buffers Resist a Change in pH?
🖥️ S15E3: The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation - Runtime: 17:50
15-5 -- The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
15-7 -- Titrations and pH Curves
- The Buret, the Titrant, and the Analyte
- Stoichiometric Point (Equivalence Point) vs. Endpoint
- Monitoring the Progress of an Acid-Base Titration
🖥️ S15E4: Strong Acid - Strong Base Titrations, and pH Calculations - Runtime: 15:23
15-8 -- Types of Acid-Base Titrations
- Strong Acid - Strong Base Titrations
- Buffer Capacity
- pH Curve of a Strong Acid - Strong Base Titration
🖥️ S15E5: Weak Acid - Strong Base Titrations, and pH Calculations - Runtime: 20:00
15-8 -- Types of Acid-Base Titrations (continued)
- Weak Acid - Strong Base Titrations
- The Halfway Point of a Titration, [H+] = Ka
🖥️ S15E6: The pH Curve of a Weak Acid - Strong Base Titration - Runtime: 10:16
15-8 -- Types of Acid-Base Titrations (continued)
- The pH Curve of a Weak Acid - Strong Base Titration
🖥️ S15E7: Solubility vs. the Solubility Product (Ksp) - Runtime: 10:57
15-16 -- Solubility Equilibria and the Solubility Product (Ksp)
- Saturated Solutions
- The Solubility Product (Ksp)
- The "Solubility" vs. the "Solubility Product"
🖥️ S15E8: Precipitation of Solids: Ion Product (Q) vs. Solubility Product (Ksp) - Runtime: 8:38
15-18 -- Precipitation of Solids from Solution
- The Ion Product (Q)
- Q vs. Ksp
16 - Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy
🖥️ S16E1: Spontaneous Processes, and the Entropy of Solids, Liquids, and Gases - Runtime: 12:40
16-1 -- The First Law of Thermodynamics
16-1 -- Spontaneous Processes and Entropy (S)
- The Definition of Entropy
- Entropy of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
16-3 -- The Change in Entropy
🖥️ S16E2: Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions - Runtime: 13:34
16-3 -- The Second Law of Thermodynamics
16-5 -- Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions
- Less Disorder vs. More Disorder
- Standard Entropy Values
- Calculating the Standard Entropy Value
🖥️ S16E3: Spontaneous Reactions and Gibbs Free Energy - Runtime: 17:02
16-4 -- Gibbs Free Energy
- The Free Energy Change
- (delta)G = (delta)H - T(delta)S
- Threshold Temperature
16-7 -- Free Energy and Chemical Reactions
- The Standard Free Energy Change
- Three Ways to Calculate (delta)G
- Standard Free Energies of Formation
🖥️ S16E4: The Relationship Between Free Energy and the Equilibrium Constant - Runtime: 6:46
16-9 -- The Relationship Between Free Energy and the Equilibrium Constant (K)
17 - Electrochemistry .................................................
🖥️ S17E1: Electrochemistry and the Galvanic Cell - Runtime: 18:00
17-1 -- Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Redox Reactions)
- A Typical Redox Reaction
- The Oxidizing Agent and the Reducing Agent
- Redox Half-Reactions
17-2 -- Redox Reactions and Electricity Generation
- Separating the Oxidizing Agent and the Reducing Agent
- Electrochemical Cells
17-2 -- Galvanic Cells
- Galvanic Cell Setup
- The Anode and the Cathode ("OIL RIG")
- The Salt Bridge
- Measuring Voltage with a Voltmeter
🖥️ S17E2: Cell Potential (Ecell), Standard Reduction Potentials, and Line Notation - Runtime: 11:36
17-4 -- Cell Potential (Ecell)
- The Electromotive Force (emf)
- Calculating the Cell Potential
- Standard Reduction Potentials (E'cell)
17-5 -- Table of Standard Reduction Potentials
17-7 -- Line Notation to Describe an Electrochemical Cell
🖥️ S17E3: Galvanic Cell Practice Problems - Runtime: 15:38
17-10 -- Inert Electrodes
- Platinum as an Inert Electrode
17-10 -- Galvanic Cell Practice Problems
- Three Practice Problems
- "Completely Describe" the Following Galvanic Cells
🖥️ S17E4: The Relationship Between Free Energy and Cell Potential - Runtime: 12:25
17-11 -- The Relationship Between Free Energy and Cell Potential
- The Faraday Constant (F)
- Spontaneous vs. Non-Spontaneous Redox Reactions
🖥️ S17E5: Concentration Cells, and the Nernst Equation - Runtime: 14:00
17-13 -- Concentration Cells
- Direction of Electron Flow
- Designation of Anode and Cathode
17-15 -- The Nernst Equation
- Non-Standard Cell Potentials
🖥️ S17E6: Galvanic Cells and the Equilibrium Constant, K - Runtime: 10:05
17-17 -- Calculating the Equilibrium Constant (K) for a Redox Reaction
🖥️ S17E7: Batteries - the Lead Storage Battery and the Dry Cell Battery - Runtime: 9:39
17-18 -- Batteries
- Sources of Direct Current
- The Lead Storage Battery
- The Dry Cell Battery
🖥️ S17E8: Electrolysis and the Electrolytic Cell - Runtime: 10:39
17-21 -- Electrolysis
- Electrolytic Cells
- Reversal of Electron Flow
- Electrolytic Cells vs. Galvanic Cells
18 - Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry
🖥️ S18E1: A Review of Transition Metals and Their Properties - Runtime: 13:25
18-1 -- The Importance of Transition Metals
- The d-Block Metals
18-2 -- General Properties of Transition Metals
- The Addition of Core Electrons to Inner d-orbitals and f-orbitals
- Chemical Properties and Physical Properties
- The Formation of Ionic Compounds
- Multiple Oxidation States
- Complex Ions and Paramagnetism
🖥️ S18E2: Transition Metals: Oxidation States, Periodic Trends, and the Lanthanide Contraction - Runtime: 10:47
18-4 -- Electron Configurations
- The Diagonal Rule
- Oxidation States (Oxidation Numbers)
18-5 -- Ionization Energy Trends
18-5 -- Atomic Radius Trends and Ionic Radius Trends
- The Lanthanide Contraction
🖥️ S18E3: Coordination Compounds, Ligands, and Complex Ions - Runtime: 18:32
18-6 -- Coordination Compounds
- Complex Ions, Ligands, and Counterions
- Paramagnetic Complexes vs. Diamagnetic Complexes
- Oxidation Numbers vs. Coordination Number
- Geometries of Complex Ions (Linear, Tetrahedral, Square Planar, Octahedral)
18-8 -- Ligands (“Coordinate Covalent Bonds”)
- Monodentate Ligands (Unidentate Ligands) and Bidentate Ligands
- The Oxalate Ligand and the Ethylenediamine Ligand
- Polydentate Ligands
- EDTA, a Hexadentate Ligand
- Chelating Ligands (“Chelates”)
🖥️ S18E4: How to Name Coordination Compounds - Runtime: 9:43
18-10 -- Naming Coordination Compounds
- 7 Rules: How to Name Coordination Compounds
- Names of Some Common Ligands
🖥️ S18E5: Complex Ions and Isomerism: Structural Isomers and Stereoisomers - Runtime: 11:01
18-12 -- Isomerism of Complex Ions
- Isomers and Types of Isomerism
18-12 -- Structural Isomers
- Coordination Isomerism
- Linkage Isomerism
18-13 -- Stereoisomerism
- Geometrical Isomerism (Cis - Trans Isomers)
- Optical Isomerism
- Enantiomers and Chiral Compounds
🖥️ S18E6: Optical Isomerism and Hybridization of Complex Metal Ions - Runtime: 13:21
18-13 -- Stereoisomerism of Complex Ions
- Optical Isomerism
- Enantiomers and Chiral Compounds
18-16 -- Hybridization
- sp Hybridized Complexes (linear)
- sp3 Hybridized Complexes (tetrahedral, square planar)
- d2sp3 Hybridized Complexes (octahedral)
🖥️ S18E7: Crystal Field Splitting in Octahedral Complexes - Runtime: 18:20
18-16 -- The Crystal Field Model
- Magnetic Properties of Complex Ions
- Ligands as "Negative Point-Charges"
- d-Orbital Splitting: the "eg set" and the "t2g set"
18-17 -- Crystal Field Splitting
- Strong-Field Case (Large Splitting, Low-Spin)
- Weak-Field Case (Small Splitting, High-Spin)
- Strong-Field Ligands vs. Weak-Field Ligands
🖥️ S18E8: Why are Transition Metal Complexes Usually Colored? - Runtime: 6:42
18-20 -- Why are Transition Metal Complexes Usually Colored?
- Complimentary Colors
- Ground States vs. Excited States
19 - The Nucleus and Nuclear Chemistry ..................
🖥️ S19E1 - Nuclear Reactions and Radioactive Decay - Runtime: 10:50
19-1 -- The Nucleus
- Protons and Neutrons
- The Relative Size and Density of the Nucleus
- The Energies Associated with Nuclear Reactions
19-2 -- Some Nuclear Definitions
- Nucleons
- Atomic Number (Z) and Mass Number (A)
- Isotopes and Nuclides
19-2 -- Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay
- A Typical Radioactive Decay Process
🖥️ S19E2 - Writing and Balancing Nuclear Reactions - Runtime: 11:55
19-3 -- Types of Radioactive Decay Reactions
- Alpha-Particle Production
- Spontaneous Fission
- Beta-Particle Production
- Gamma Ray Production (photons)
- Electron Capture
- Positron Production
19-5 -- Writing and Balancing Nuclear Reactions
19-5 -- Radioactive Decay Series
🖥️ S19E3 - Half-Life of Radioactive Nuclides and the Detection of Radioactivity - Runtime: 8:23
19-6 -- Half-Life
- Half-Lives of Radioactive Nuclides
- First-Order Decay Processes
19-6 -- Detection of Radioactivity
- The Geiger Counter and Ar+(g) Detection
🖥️ S19E4: Radioactive Carbon-14 Dating - Runtime: 11:49
19-7 -- Carbon-14 Dating
- Radioactive Decay and First-Order Kinetics
🖥️ S19E5: Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion Reactions - Runtime: 14:14
19-10 -- Nuclear Fission
- Uranium-235
- Self-Sustaining Chain Reactions
- Subcritical, Critical, and Supercritical Reactions
- Critical States and "Critical Mass"
19-12 -- Nuclear Fusion
- Fusion Reactions in the Sun and in Stars
- Fusion of Protons (H+) to Form Helium (He)
🖥️ S19E6: The Mass Defect and Nuclear Binding Energy - Runtime: 16:12
19-13 -- Stability of the Nucleus
19-13 -- Mass Defect
- Calculating Nuclear Binding Energy from Mass Defect
19-15 -- Thermodynamic Stability of the Nucleus
- Units: "J/nucleon" vs. "MeV/nucleon"
🖥️ S19E7 - Mass Defect and Nuclear Binding Energy Practice Problem - Runtime: 7:39
19-15 -- Thermodynamic Stability of the Nucleus (cont...)
- Binding Energy Problems where Electron Mass must be Taken into Account
20 - Introduction to Organic Chemistry
🖥️ S20E1 - Saturated Hydrocarbons: n-Alkanes and Branched Alkanes - Runtime: 9:47
20-1 -- The Characteristics of Carbon
20-1 -- Alkanes
- Saturated Hydrocarbons
- n-Alkanes vs. Branched Alkanes
- Systematic Names (IUPAC) and Common Names of Alkanes
🖥️ S20E2 - Rules for Naming n-Alkanes and Branched Alkanes - Runtime: 11:41
20-3 -- Nomenclature of Alkanes
- Rules for Naming Alkanes
- Common Alkyl Groups and Alkyl Branches
- Determining the Structure from the Name
- Determining the Name from the Structure
🖥️ S20E3 - Cycloalkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes - Runtime: 10:55
20-8 -- Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
20-8 -- Alkenes
- Carbon-Carbon Double Bonds
- sp2 Hybridized Carbon Atoms
- Sigma Bonds and Pi Bonds
20-9 -- Stereoisomerism of Alkenes
- Cis-Trans Isomers
🖥️ S20E4: Naming Alkenes and Alkynes - Runtime: 8:24
20-9 -- Nomenclature of Alkenes
20-10 -- Alkynes
- Carbon-Carbon Triple Bonds
- sp Hybridized Carbon Atoms
- Sigma Bonds and Pi Bonds
- Perpendicular Sets of p-orbitals
20-11 -- Naming Alkynes
🖥️ S20E5: Hydrocarbon Derivatives, or "Functional Groups" - Runtime: 10:43
20-11 -- Hydrocarbon Derivatives
- Functional Groups
- Halohydrocarbons (Alkyl Halides)
- Alcohols - Aldehydes and Ketones
- Carboxylic Acids and Esters
- Amines
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